![]() Hyperventilation, on the other hand, is more commonly associated with anxiety disorders, acclimatization, and other somatic issues. Tachypnea is commonly caused by asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or lung infections. Hyperventilation is marked by both an excessive breathing rate and depth of ventilation leading to the loss of carbon dioxide, whereas tachypnea is only abnormal rapid breathing. Three studies have also examined hyperventilation in patients with ME/CFS, with two showing an increased incidence compared with controls. One such study, using cardiopulmonary exercise testing, showed that patients with PEM have a depressed total oxygen volume uptake at maximum exertion. PEM has also been assessed using routine exercise testing in patients with ME/CFS. PEM has been studied through several self-report evaluations, actigraph activity data, and exercise challenge. PEM occurs in patients with ME/CFS at higher rates than those with multiple sclerosis or post-polio syndrome. PEM is defined as an exacerbation of some, or all, of these musculoskeletal or cognitive symptoms after physical or cognitive exertion, leading to a reduction in functional ability, which often lasts more than 24 h. Severe and debilitating fatigue is characteristic of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS), which also involves disabling musculoskeletal and cognitive symptoms, including post-exertional malaise (PEM). ![]()
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